2010年11月20日星期六
History of something (ii) _ the 123
Power in the modern history of finishing the second Russian history manuscripts: the mid-19th century "the October revolution" ~, serfdom reform (1861/Alexander II) reviewing important: reform of the background, content, results background ① serfdom hinder social and economic development (creating market is small, the labour shortage) — root cause ② foreign war (Crimea) failed, causing economic deterioration of contradictions — directly causes content free ① SERF ② free of serfs to high-priced purchase job evaluation points: nature walk on the road to capitalism; not thoroughness. Example: is the top-down Czar bourgeois reform movement; abolished serfdom, enables the development of capitalism in Russia on the road, but still retain significant feudal remnants. Resolution — compare United States abolished slavery and abolition of black Russian serfdom similarities and differences between the same points: slaves and serfs were given the right to liberty, freedom of labour provided to facilitate the further development of capitalism. Different points: Liberation differently — United States, where the rebel called State unconditional liberation of the slaves; the abolition of serfdom in Russia is through redemption. (The United States to abolish the slave system measures relative much more thorough some) II, external expansion activities 1, 17, 18 century, while the Chinese Qing army of entering commandeered JAXA and Emperor Nebuchadnezzar Chu, 1685, 1686, two were defeated the Russian military, JAXA 1689, and Russia on the eastern border of negotiations and signing of the first equal on both sides of the border treaty – the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu. 2, 19th-century expansion is complete, characterized by direct armed aggression, eroded and annexation of the surrounding area, is intended to establish a world Empire. This is the low level of industrial production. In Europe, participating organizations against interference by the Alliance to build Vienna France revolution, initiative "sacred Union", repression revolution, maintaining Vienna system, is the Suppression of the 1848 revolution in the military police in Europe. In competition with Britain, France, Turkey after the failure of the Crimean War, the focus shifted to the East, such as China, Iran invade. As the 19th century 50 ~ 80 's, invaded China Northern Territory 150 million square kilometers. In the far East, in the event of a conflict with Japan, 1904, Japan launched a competition for the Korean and Chinese northeast of the Russo-Japanese war, Russia defeated. Russia has a separate expansion era, so past 1892, 1907, and France, the United Kingdom Association, to participate in the first world war. Third, the February revolution (1917) (nature and results. At the same time compared with the Chinese revolution. ), The overthrow of the Tsarist standents autocratic regime, ended the Romanov Dynasty's rule in Russia, has formed the military engineers on behalf of the provisional Government of Soviet and bourgeois coexist. Fourth, the October Revolution (1917) and the Soviet regime of consolidation of the October revolution history background 1, Russia became the contradictions of collection points, becoming the imperialist chain's weakest link: serfdom, capitalism after the reform, a war that has basic characteristics with imperialism; but still retain the serfdom than the major residual, agriculture, dependence on foreign capital, the relatively backward; strong organizational combat the proletariat, and have their own political parties — Bolshevik leadership. 2. during the first world war, the various imperialist countries is busy Crue, favourable international environment. 3 February revolution overthrew the Tsarist autocracy regime for February 4, after the revolution the coexistence of the two regimes, Lenin made from the middle of the democratic revolution in the transition to a socialist revolution of tasks, a clear direction for the revolution. 5, the bourgeoisie of the provisional Government, internal and external continuing repression of the revolutionary war, social conflicts further intensification. Victory 1917 November Peter kallar uprisings successful, established the world's first Soviet government workers and peasants. Historical significance ① built the world's first socialist countries, as for the Russian Socialist industrial power and achieve national modernization has created important prerequisite. ② broke the capitalist rule the world, announce a new social system from an ideal into reality; ③ greatly encouraged and promoted the international campaign for the proletarian revolution and national liberation movement. ④ enable mankind to enter into exploration of new socialist path of development, is the world's history during the period of the beginning. Consolidate regime political on destroyed the old State apparatus, abolish the old hierarchy, abolished the privilege of churches. Initial establishment of the Soviet State system. Economic on first change ownership, establishment of socialist economic base. Assault cases, including the "surplus collection systems" of "war communism" policy. Diplomatic Soviet Government with Germany sign the Brest and some of the exit from the imperialist war. Military > Introduced conscription, the formation of the Red Army to crush the enemy on the Soviet regime at home and abroad. Two of the Soviet Union during World War I, the Soviet Union's transition to socialism and building 1, 1921, the Communist Party of Russia (cloth) top ten decided to implement a new economic policy reasons content effect of serious economic difficulties and political crisis triggered by the Soviet regime the critical situation. (Lenin said "we were in the spring of 1921, serious economic crisis and political crisis") ① agricultural aspects: fixed food tax collection system in place without restriction. ② industrial areas: in the national master life-blood, large enterprises, SMEs allows private state. ③ circulation area (commercial): in the guidance of the State plan, free trade, the development of the socialist economy. ④ distribution system reform: abolition of the rationing system egalitarianism, distribution according to work. ① consolidated the Alliance and the Soviet regime ② development to promote productivity, industrial and agricultural production of the gradual restoration of the Soviet Socialist industrialization and agriculture collective of excessive from capitalism to socialism. ③ It based on national circumstances, use of the market and commodity currencies in relation to broadening the means and methods of production, to the International Communist movement provided invaluable experience, is significant of Marxist theory. 2, the Soviet Union of Socialist construction economic construction measures 1, 1925 CPSU (cloth) National Congress by socialist industrialization policy. (Contact the "transition period") 2, 1927, Soviet (cloth) National Congress passed the agricultural collectivization. Implementation of reasons: to backward peasant economy-based agriculture has not been able to adapt to the rapid development of the industry. Basic task: the family farming combined and adapted to be large-scale collective. Role: in Soviet agricultural mechanization, modernization has opened up a broad road; Soviet Socialist industrialization. Since then, the new economic policy gradually abolished. (January 1933, uniting (cloth) Central announced "the dispersed individual family farming into Socialist history of agricultural track tasks have been completed. ) 3, 1928, began construction of the planned economy (contact China "15" plan). 1941, a total of three five-year plan. Achievements 1, formed a complete industrial system, the basic realization of the heavy industry-focused national industrialization, comprehensive national strength, as the Soviet Union "Soviet" laid the Foundation for victory. 2, 1937 industrial GDP into Europe's first and second place in the world. 3, economic structure and class structure has enormous changes to national ownership and collective ownership as the main content of the ownership of the means of establishing and accounting for absolute position in the national economy. Political building 1, 1922, the establishment of the "Soviet Union". Enhanced international status and reputation of the Soviet Union, strengthening the domestic national unity and cooperation to promote the political, economic, cultural and national defense industry, the construction of social transformation and laid the Foundation for politics. 2, 1936, promulgated a new Constitution, the Socialist system in the Soviet Union established. Problem 1, economic development, economic development imbalance; product, quality is not high; damage to people's enthusiasm. 2. formation of a high concentration of political and economic system and the worship of Stalin's personal ① formation signs: 1936 new Constitution promulgated ② characteristics: the economy is highly centralized planned economic system; political, personal highly centralized. ③ evaluation: the system high during the war and national economic recovery has played a significant role in the period, the Soviet Union in 20 to 30 years with great success, as the Soviet Union, Stalin built into a strong socialist country. But it does not solve the Socialist democracy and economic performance in a series of fundamental questions, the political struggle in the first place and ignore the demands of the socialist economy, economic management too stringent or too dead; at the same time, personal and highly centralized lead to Stalin's personality cult, that democracy was severely damaged, seriously impede the continued development of the national economy and political system of effective reforms, adverse long-term development. Second, the "Soviet" of World War 1, during the signing of the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty: before World War II, in the face of the fascist invasion threat and France and other countries of appeasement, especially after the Munich Agreement, the Soviet Union on French more distrust, to their national security and foreign policy, resize, easing relations with Germany, signed in August 1939 the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty. This is a neutral captive insurance policy. It was the first of the Soviet Union to avoid the German attack, winning the war time; however, Germany due to avoid fighting the two lines, accelerate the launch of the war. 2, the establishment of the "Eastern front": World War II broke out, while the German invasion of Poland, the Soviet Union, started the expansion's territory. From September 1939 ~ August 1940, successively occupied Poland, Finland, Romania, eastern part of the territory of the Baltic, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia into the USSR in the three countries. Western borders to the West a two to three hundred kilometers, from the Baltic to the Black Sea "of the" Eastern front. 3. the Soviet-start: June 1941, the Germans launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union, Soviet Union, the scale of World War II. Initially, due to the large number of outstanding Commander killed in the big cleaning, lack of operational readiness and in defense strategy, critical error, warThe start was the German Blitzkrieg of heavy combat, the loss of large amounts of military equipment and 150 million square kilometers of land. 4, Moscow battle: Hitler 3 months to destroy the Soviet Union's "Blitzkrieg" plan to bankrupt, centralized capture Moscow, under the leadership of Stalin, victory in early 1942. Breaking the myth of the German invincibility, all over the world, people are encouraged by the beginning of the war, the Soviet-German into strategic stalemate. 5. participation in the signing of the United Nations Declaration (1942), a World Alliance against fascism. 6, Stalingrad (1942.7 — 1943.2): greatly improved the Soviet Union's international prestige; changed the battlefield situation Sood, Soviet army into strategic offensive; strengthening the international anti-fascist Union cooperation and solidarity between the countries; to promote the transition of the entire war situation, is the second world war's turning point. 7, the battle of Berlin, 1945, the Soviet Army captured Berlin Germany unconditional surrender. At this point, the end of the Soviet Union. 8, the war in a series of international conferences: World Anti-fascist war situation a fundamental change in circumstances occur, in November 1943, the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain in Iran's capital Tehran Conference. This is the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and the Government since the second world war broke out for the first time since the International Conference to be held. In Germany the demise of the fascist close, anti-fascist war victory, in February 1945, the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and the Summit meeting in Yalta. Japan fascist crashes and world anti-fascist war comprehensive end is in sight. To share the benefits, to maintain peace in the world after the war, in July 1945, Soviet, American and British three heads of Stalin, Truman, and Churchill (July 28 in the future as the new Prime Minister Attlee) meeting in Potsdam in Germany. (The Soviet Union in the war and outstanding performance and contributions of the Soviet political military prestige unprecedented increase, as the war only contend with the United States, the political military power. ) After World War II Soviet a, reform achievements and problems war achievements ① 1946 began the implementation of the fourth programme ", the great national economic recovery development. ② Defense industry is developing rapidly. Built in 1946 as the atomic reactors; 1949 explosion of the first atomic bomb, which breaking the United States nuclear monopoly. Problem ① in State institutions, with a high concentration of economic and political system abuse growing, hindering further development of the social productive forces, and affect people's normal democratic life. ② in national political life, growing to Stalin's personality cult, Socialist democracy and the rule of law. ③ in thought and culture, academic issues, to the development of scientific culture cause enormous damage. Khrushchev era (1953-64) ① 1956 Soviet encyclopedia disk deny Stalin 20, setting off criticism of Stalin's climax, cause confusion, and once the Eastern European Councils of turbulence. ② economic reform: focus on agriculture, to address the food shortage problem in the first place, with reality. Although reform attempts to change the "Stalin", explore new roads, but due to lack of proper guidelines and pragmatic spirit and external expansion, etc., as well as failures, effective micro, not out of trouble. Brezhnev era (1964-82) ① reform focuses on heavy industry. ② achievements: the ruling dynasty, the rapid economic growth, political stability, arms, and became the United States and rival superpower. ③: latter part due to personal power arbitrariness, institutional rigidities, centralization of the planned economic activity, social conflict, the country is in trouble. Gorbachev reforms ① reform background: Soviet economic strength has been far worse than United States. Into the 1970s, faced to electronic and information technology, a new era of technological revolution, the Soviet economy has become increasingly difficult to decline and degradation, supporting a huge military spending to continue with the United States for hegemony. In order to reverse the decline of economic development, maintaining the world's great power status, for more radical reforms for entering the 1980s Soviet is imperative. ② economic reform: 1985 became the Soviet General Secretary and after a large-scale reform. Early reform, focusing on economic development, but due to the existing economic system touches, not to see the results. ③ political reform: Gorbachev that economic reform reform failed mainly political resistance is too big, so they turned to political reform, in order to clear the obstacles. He pursued by political reform, was prepared to use the "standards for all mankind," and "democratic socialism" to reform socialism. (Gorbachev's "new thinking" is the core idea, one that all human interests above everything else, than a national, ethnic, class interests; second, that the Socialist Society's "new quality" should be "democratic and humanitarian", in turn, the "Socialist and capitalist two systems tend to be closer to" argument. In this way, the "Mikhail Gorbachev humanitarian and democratic socialism" has replaced the scientific socialism. ) Reform, Gorbachev from promoting democracy and openness, exposing the dark side of "socialism", developed to promote Western-style of a multi-party system. As a result, resulting in a denial of revolutionary history, misrepresentation of the Communist Party and the serious consequences of socialism, leading people thought of serious confusion and factions, dissension. By 1990, with the Soviet decision to abandon the party's leadership, a multi-party system, the Soviet society's various conflicts quickly pointed and tableFace of the situation is difficult to control, and ultimately disintegrated. Second, foreign policy and activities 1, in the help and influence of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and Asia to establish a series of people's democracies. And build up to the Soviet Union as the core of the Socialist camp. However, the Soviet Union in the Socialist camp inner row hegemony, causing the control and the control of contradictions, the 1960s, the collapse of the Socialist camp, no longer exist. (Contact the Sunan rupture; the "Prague Spring", the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations. ) 2, as national systems, ideological differences, international political advancement and the disappearance of the wartime cooperation Foundation, and the United States in the world to Europe-centric supremacy, the post-war world structure renders us-Soviet hegemony of polarization State. As follows: ① 1950s to the early 1960s, the United States on an equal footing, attempts to implement the United States and the Soviet Union, dominate the world. Thus, a gesture of reconciliation with United States-led Western countries, to take the initiative to sign on and around, recognition of the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States. 1962-"the Cuban missile crisis" by the end of the United States gained the upper hand, but also shows the advantage is in the United States. ② in the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, the Soviet Union then turned to advantage. Brezhnev has experienced a swift development of Soviet power, although the overall economic gap between the Soviet Union and the United States is still big, but the military industry input and high, ranking first in the world. Not only was a threat to the United States Navy's Ocean, also make the ICBM than the United States. Brezhnev with paralysis of the West "relaxation" while in Afro-Asian expansion, on the United States to adopt positive offensive strategy. (1970s in Asia and Africa-conducted a series of expansion activities, especially in Afghanistan troops occupation in 1979, a direct threat to the Gulf and Indian Ocean region of peace, marks the Soviet hegemony policy development to the vertex. ) ③ the 1980s, the Soviet Union from external expansion to full contraction. Lack of appropriate economic strength-based, in the United States a strong offensive, in the face of the enormous loss over a long period of Kings and the noticeable decline in national economic development speed, Gorbachev's reality introduced to arms control as the center of the global strategy of détente. Start to abandon the practice of fighting military supremacy into disarmament, to escape the ' arms race. At the same time, from external expansion to full contraction, such as withdrawal of Afghanistan; give up 70 's external expansion proceeds; recovery in the normalization of relations between the Soviet Union. More importantly, relaxed on Eastern Europe and other parts of the control, and ultimately to exit the area. Third, the disintegration of the Soviet Union (1991) a brief process including social systems fundamentally change and changes in the State in a form, that is, the "Europe" and the "disintegration". The "drastic" process in line with changes in Eastern Europe: political instability – political pluralism-the Communist Party's loss of political power. Japan history: Japan 12 century reign of entering the shogunate. 17-19 century in the Tokugawa shogunate ruled. A, down screen movement and the Meiji Restoration 1688 years down curtain campaign victory, the Tokugawa shogunate under present rule ended. This is the Meiji Restoration and the capitalist development provides political conditions. Through the Meiji Restoration, Japan on the road to capitalism, rich, powerful, and the rise of independent, after was the only independent powers of Asia. Follows: resolution 1: Japan Meiji background ① in the mid-19th century Japan social situation: is a retreat behind the feudal State; social contradictions. Formation of capitalist relations of production and development, the new landlord, loan-sharking traders and warriors dissatisfaction with the status quo in the subordinate; people increasingly poor, for various forms of struggle. ② the Western powers invaded: 1853, the United States took the lead in the buckle-opening door to Japan. Japan's economy was destroyed, the loss of sovereignty, the society continuously more volatile, the shogunate rule further deepen the crisis. ③ Learn Chinese opium insulted lessons; the Western capitalist development. ④ down curtain movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate ruled that weakened the feudal old forces, for the conduct of the Meiji Restoration and the capitalist development provides the necessary political conditions. Purpose consolidation of the new regime led by the Emperor, the development of capitalism, from alien oppression, the establishment of an independent State in modern times. Measures ① political areas: waste-reset centralization County,; the abolition of feudal identity system, cancel the Samurai privilege. ② economic aspects: abolition of the prohibition of the sale of Decree-Law of the land, the agreed rent; the introduction of advanced technologies in the West to develop modern capitalist businesses. ③ military aspects: conscription, establishes a wealth to the Bushido, allegiance to the Emperor's new army, and is actively preparing for war. ④ cultural aspects of the implementation of the open policy, civilization, Western capitalist culture of Japan feudal culture; the development of modern education, training of capitalist development talent. The results reform ① changes Japan feudal backwardness and embark on the road to capitalism. ② keep emerging from Japan, a national crisis in modern Asia's only independent development power. ③ the successful Asian States for people with experience of reform. ④ the capitalist system broke through the European and North American, worldwide impact of feudal rule order. ⑤ retain significant feudal remnants; implementation of militarism, started on Asian neighbors of aggression. The reason successfully ① feudal autocratic rule the weak, and to send back the curtain and eventually overturn the shogunate rule. This is the implementation of reform measures. ② the Meiji government's reform measures against Japan's ills and follow the trend of the times, to be effective. ③ Western powers was set to invade China, objectively as Japan reform provides a relatively relaxed international environment. Resolution 2: Russia and Japan on the road to capitalism main differences background 目的 结果日本 内忧外患；发生于倒幕之后。 Consolidation of the rule in the development of capitalism, from alien oppression, won the country's independence. The rapid development of capitalism, rich, powerful, independent, after entering the country. 俄国 主要因内忧。 The main contradiction for relaxation, save the rule in the crisis, the Government, the consolidation of the rule. Develops slowly, in a backward position is weak on the imperialist chain. Second, the late 19th and early 20th century Japan economy, protection of the Government, to use the two revolutions of advanced results, the rapid development of capitalism, the resulting monopoly organizations; political Constitution, by 1889, the feudal monarchy into a semi-feudal bourgeois monarchy, Mikado system established. Japan to become feudal "with military imperialism". Foreign policy, after the Meiji Restoration, use on militarism and serious week other advantages of national forces, big line expansion activities. 1876 opened Korean portal and 1910 the ultimate edge to colonial Korea; 1894 Sino-Japanese war waged on Chinese-Japanese war, 1900 in 1900 invasion; in the Russo-Japanese war defeat in Russia, North Korea is the "protectorate" occupation of southern China Northeast; participation in the first world war the allies in battle, and the opportunity to expand on Chinese aggression once formed dominate the Chinese situation. Third, the two world wars and world war I between the United States hosted the Washington meeting, through the nine State Convention broke Japan dominating the Chinese situation to colonial interests are extremely restricted. 1931 aggression China "•" incident. 1936 to the headquarters building for core comprehensive fascist dictatorship, the formation of Asian origin of war; in 1937, together with Germany, Italy and the "three countries forming the fascist axis". The same year, launching the "seven • seven" incident, an all-out. Waging war in the Pacific in 1941. The defeat of unconditional surrender in 1945. Fourth, after World War II after the defeat of Japan Japan is exclusive, the United States and have been incorporated into United States cold war and the global hegemony of the United States track and become a strategy in the Asia-Pacific region, a bridgehead against Soviet Communism. Thus, in a fine Japan fascist, United States, which retain all asylum has a large number of militarist residual. Post-war Japan political remains the Emperor system, through democratic reform, the feudal remnants further eliminate, the establishment of a true sense of the monarchy, as the rapid post-war economic development provides an important safeguard. In 1955 after Japan economy entered a period of rapid development, the late 1960s and became second only to the United States in the capitalist world no.2 a major economic power. At the same time, away from the United States control of tendencies are also increasingly evident, with the rise of Western Europe, seriously shaken hegemony of the United States. In 1987, its per capita gross national product, planting over United States once jumped on top of the capitalist powers. Resolution 4: modern Germany and Japan in the mid-19th century of a comparison of Germany and Japan political and economic situation of similarity: (1) political feudal backward, split. Deutsche fragmented; Japan is bakuhan system "", the local name of a strong separatist. (2) the economic development of capitalist relations of production. The industrial revolution, the German economic ties throughout; Japan began to disintegrate the feudal Lord economy, the emerging master and usury businessmen's economic strength. In the late 19th century the rise of Germany and Japan: (1) similarity in Germany through the third dynasty of the war, Japan through the down screen movement and the Meiji Restoration eliminating fengjiangeju status, the establishment of a centralized; (2) the achievement of social transformation and embarked on capitalist road, a modernization of the State; (3) shall retain significant feudal remnants, and gradually developed into a feudal property, military of imperialist countries. (4) defeated neighbours, huge payouts, provide capital for economic development. Germany by the Franco-Prussian War, Japan through the Sino-Japanese war; (5) using the latest technology and equipment, rapid economic development have monopoly organizations and transition to the phase of imperialism. (6) the establishment of the monarchy. Forty years of the 20th century, in the face of economic crisis, the historical trend in Germany and Japan: (1) the similarity of economic recession. (2) on the establishment of the fascist dictatorship. Germany in the Nazi party as the core, the name of socialism and nationalism, won the parliamentary elections, Hitler became Prime Minister. Japan to Headquarters as the core, the assassinations, the coup d ' état, aggressive, and so on, from the headquarters of the Cabinet. (3) external continuing aggression, break the shackles of Versailles — Washington DC system, the formation of Eurasian origin place of war. Germany to provoke a war waging war, Japan, to provoke a war in the Pacific. After World War II, the historical development of Germany and Japan: of similarities and differences same point: war, social reform, grab the third revolution in science and technology opportunities, development of State monopoly capitalism, East and West "cold war" situation and implementation of prop, United States economy demilitarization, the importance of education and science and technology, the rapid rise and become a major economic power, and is actively seeking the status of political and military power. A capitalist democracies. An East-West "cold war" battlefield, Rudong, West Germany divided; United States seeks to foster Japan as "anti-Communist fortress". Different points: Germany on war crimes committed in an attempt to prevent the soul-searching tragedy. Japan is not willing to face the problems of history, extreme right up, militarists. Germany: a history, a unified overview of Germany before tearing apart, uneven development in various areas. 15 century Rhine region of capitalism; 15 century humanism expands to Germany (representative: Erasmus), natural sciences also appear (representative: Kepler). As early as the 16th centuryThe beginning of the reformation and the peasant wars against the feudal forces destroyed the Catholic spirit of dictatorship, in favor of national cultural and educational development; in the late 18th century, Prussia and Austria reform, national strength, which reformed the rapid development of the Prussian strength from relatively backward countries into the European powers. In order to preserve their national and European feudal rule order, Pu, actively interfere in France, is the reverse of the great Union. II. Germany unified and the transition to the early 19th century imperialism, Deutsche began the industrial revolution in some areas, but split the situation seriously hindered the process of the industrial revolution. In the absence of harmonization of domestic market and international market and competitive situations, the bourgeois press for a powerful unified backed by the State. Prussia due to its economic, military advantage, unity, by the third dynasty of war, was finally officially unified Germany 1871. Germany's reunification is capitalism provides political premise and internally unified market, the second industrial revolution in the results, to the end of the 19th century, its industrial output has leapt to the European first, second in the world, behind only the United States. Monopoly organizations with the establishment and development of national economic life leading position, coupled with the existence of a large number of feudal remnants, Germany became the "Juncker bourgeois imperialism". Resolution 1: why Germany unified necessity: split the situation seriously impede economic development (lack of a unified market; there is no country that strong competition backing) possibilities: Prussian has the capacity to serve as a unified Daren (German capitalism the most economically developed, military strength, ethnic composition of a single State, the strength of the ruling class, Bismarck, from economic, military and diplomatic aspects do actively prepare. The purpose ) unified national, economic development, strengthening international competitiveness. Process mainly through the completion of the third dynasty wars: ① 1864 kimpouo on Denmark's war ② 1866 kimpouo war (see sadova battle): result Austria exit federal, Prussian eventually established the reunification of leadership, this is the key to a complete unity; the following year the North. ③ the Franco-Prussian war in 1870 (see colour when the campaign). Basic unity; South-South merge shortly. ④ Prussian Kings early in 1871, William I's accession to the throne as Emperor of the German Empire, the impact flag unified