Entrance of geographic Knowledge Center (ii) _12345

(5) Earth natural zone 1 natural zone concept of so-called natural zone because each region due to the latitude and the sea-location vary, there is a certain amount of calories respectively and the combination of water, as well as the representative of the vegetation and soil types, and occupy a certain width, the Earth is long Ribbon of distribution. 2 natural zone of distribution Earth surface distribution of various natural zone is regular. Reflected in: (1) latitude zones from the equator to the Poles, can roughly be divided into several large natural zone, in order: tropical zone, tropical Grassland zone, tropical, temperate grass desert with active band, temperate forest, tundra zone and ice belt. Each natural zone of climate, flora and fauna have certain characteristics, and generally in parallel with weft stretch into strips. Latitudinal zonation is temperature and moisture conditions of the product. (2) longitude zonal in plain areas, from the mainland coast to inland direction also demonstrates the various natural zone gradually replaced, such as the forest steppe zone, with changes to the desert zone, roughly parallel with the Warp to stretch into strips. This pattern of effect caused by moisture and also larger, subject to certain temperature conditions. (3) vertical zonation of the Earth's surface there are lots of huge mountains. In the Alpine area, from the foothills to the top of the water and heat conditions with a high degree of increase, thus forming vertical climatic zones. Equator's highest mountain, vertical climatic zones from the equator to the poles with the level of climatic zones are somewhat similar. Affected by the climate impact of organisms, soil, and accordingly has vertical distribution. The Earth's surface and not all things all have areas of distribution, like land and sea distribution, topography, etc, in the nature of distribution does not have the above those zonal laws, so called non-zonal factors. Second, world geography (a) of the world's land and the sea sea and land area and ratio: the Earth's surface area is 5.1 million square kilometers, of which the land area of 1.49 million square kilometers, approximately 29% of the total area of the marine area of 3.61 million square kilometers, accounting for 71 per cent of the total. The seven continents on Earth according to size: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania. Including Asia, Africa and Oceania are mainly distributed in the Eastern hemisphere, ranging from Asia, Africa, Oceania and Antarctica between the Pacific and Indian oceans that surround it. North and South America in the Western hemisphere; the vast majority in Antarctica the Antarctic Circle, Pacific, Indian Ocean, surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. The meaning and scope of Latin America: follow the language usage, people usually put the United States South of the main use of Latin and South America region called Latin America. North and South America, collectively known as the Americas. Continents between land main line: Europe and Asia – Ural mountains, the Ural River, Caucasus, Turkey channel. Asia and Africa — the Suez Canal. South America and North America – the Panama Canal. G Asia and North America — the Bering Strait. Four oceans: press area size: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean. Pacific Asia, Oceania, Antarctica and South America. Atlantic is located in Europe, South America and Africa. The Indian Ocean is located in Asia, Africa, Antarctica, and Oceania. Arctic Arctic Circle, is in Asia, Europe and North America on three continents around it. (2) Asia Chau 1. overview Asia Asia is the world's continents, is located in the northeastern part of the Eastern hemisphere, covering an area of about 4400 million sq km, the world's land area of 1/3. Asia Pacific, and North to the Arctic Ocean in the East, the South West Indian Ocean, Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Eastern and South-Eastern Island central column stretches with the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Japan Islands, Taiwan and the Philippines. There are three major peninsulas in the South, from East and West is the Indochina peninsula, India peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Southeast and South Sea there are also many islands such as the Malay Archipelago. Asia and the mountainous terrain to plateau, about 3/4 area of the island, the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the Pamirs is located in the middle to the West with Iran plateau, to South Germany to plateau, Plateau to the North with Mongolia. The famous big mountains are mountains, the Himalayas, the tianshan mountains, the Altai mountain range and Hindu Kush mountain range in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the perimeter of the Pamirs. Plain of the River more distribution and coastal middle and lower reaches. Very hilly in Asia, the world's highest Mount Everest and the lowest in the world of the dead sea depression, the entire terrain is central to high, gradually sloping situation. Asia's great rivers mainly originated in the middle of the mountains and the plateau, is radial flow around the implantation North iceOcean of rivers in the Ob River, Yenisey and Lena, note people Pacific rivers have Heilongjiang, Yellow River, the Yangtze River and on the River, the river has injected into the Indian Ocean, India River Ganges. The famous lakes are: the Caspian Sea is the world's largest salt water lake, Lake Baikal is the world's deepest lake; the dead sea is the world's most salty salt water lake, which is also the world's lowest Lake. Asia's climate is very diverse, monsoon climate. The distribution of the major climate type: East monsoon climate for temperate and subtropical monsoon climate; South to tropical monsoon climate and rain forest climate; Central and West to temperate continental climate is tropical and desert Southwest; climate and Mediterranean climate; northern boreal coniferous forest climate for Asia and the polar climate. Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the Alpine region for the Alpine climate and vertical climatic zones. Asia has the 48 States and territories-orientation, geographically divided into East Asia, Southeast Asia, South and West Asia, Central and North Asia. 2. East Asia East Asia East of China, Japan, Korea, Korea and Mongolia in five countries. Japan: located on the Asian continent West of the East, the Pacific Islands countries of a territory from Hokkaido., Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu four large islands and the vicinity of some small islands, called Japan Islands. The four Northern Islands to the Soviet occupation, are still being Russia's occupation. Population 1.2 million, is a densely populated country. Japan is a hilly terrain, mountains, hills, the total land area 3/4. Kanto Plains to the Great Plains. Coastline turns, much good, famous harbour having Kobe and Yokohama. Many volcanoes, earthquakes, Mount Fuji as active volcanoes. Forest and water resources, mineral resource-poor settings. In the case of the temperate zone monsoon climate, southern subtropics with marine features, mild in winter and cool in summer. Japan's economy developed capitalist countries, the main industrial sectors have iron and steel, machinery, electronics, chemical, textile, etc Japan economy has the following three characteristics: ① resource-poor, largely dependent on foreign trade. ② productivity extremely uneven distribution, the industry is centered largely in the South Pacific Honshu along rock area, Keihin area (Tokyo-Yokohama), traffickers God area (large gui a Kobe), Nagoya, Kyushu Island, the North and lazy farmers are the main coast Utsumi, Japan. ③ agricultural production in occupies an important place in the economy, but the high level of modernization. Korean: into the mountain peninsula country, four pro Yellow Sea, Arabian Sea, the North across the Yalu and Tumen River and North-Eastern China, and Russia, South Korea and adjacent to the North. Area 12.3 million square kilometers with a population of about 21 million monsoon climate, with abundant forest and mineral resources. Korea North heavy industries more developed, major industry has electrical, mechanical, chemical, textile, etc, of cotton, tobacco, and other cash crops. Korean ginseng is a famous local product. It is also rich in apples. Pyongyang, the capital of a population of about 200 million is the political, economic, cultural and traffic centre. Korea: a mountainous peninsula, West of the Yellow Sea, Arabian Sea, the northern border with North Korea. 99000 square kilometers with a population of 4300 million. The full name of the Republic of Korea, in 1948. Oceanic climate characteristics significantly. Forest resources, water resources, coastal fisheries and sea salt resources. For almost 20 years of economic development, industrial sector, mainly in the petrochemical, electrical, and mechanical. Chemical, shipbuilding, electrical, and other departments; agriculture to grow rice, barley-based. Population of the capital Seoul, 837 million for Korea's political, economic, transportation center. Incheon, Pusan is the main harbour. Mongolia: between China, Russia, and terrain between the two countries to plateau, an average elevation of 1500 meters, and weather is a typical temperate continental climate, more of the Gobi desert, the economy is dominated by animal husbandry, capital Ulaanbaatar, the animal by-products processing center. 3. Southeast Asia Southeast Asia including the Indochina peninsula and the Malay Archipelago, the two most, 11 countries and regions. They are: Viet Nam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei and East Timor. Southeast Asia is located in Asia and Oceania, the Pacific and Indian Ocean traffic crossroads between Malacca Strait is the crossroads of the throat, traffic is important position. Southeast Asia is the world's largest tropical crops producing areas, natural rubber, oil palm, coconut, banana linen, Cinchona, pepper, and other cash crops. Mineral mainly of Tin and oil. Indochina peninsula Plains region is an important rice-10. In addition, overseas Chinese and Chinese in Southeast Asia is largest, Buddhism prevalent area. Malaysia's natural rubber, palm oil, ranking first in the world; Philippine coconut, banana linen covers the first in the world, Thailand's rice exports large quantities, natural rubber, Tin and smoked wood products for Thailand's four. Rice, sleeves, wood, mahogany is Myanmar important export goods. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic State, "country with a thousand. Indonesia is the world Cinchona and kapok maximum origin. Singapore: is a famous Garden City State. Economy to transit trade and shipping as the basis for the development of the refinery, shipbuilding, electronics, textile, food and other industries. Tourism revenue is a major source of Singapore. ASEAN: ASEAN from Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand in 1967, hereinafter referred to as ASEAN。 Brunei in 1984 and, in 1995, and Viet Nam, Laos and Myanmar in 1997, Canadians, Cambodia in 1999 together with people. In its infancy, ASEAN stressed areas by peaceful means to resolve internal disputes in the early 1970s, began to explore ways of economic cooperation. In the 80 's has achieved rapid economic growth. 4 South Asia South: from the Himalayas to the South, to the West in the Indian Ocean between the vast region. A total of eight countries: North Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan three central inland mostly mountainous country, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, three countries of the southern Indian Ocean sea; Sri Lanka, Maldives on two islands. Because of the Himalayas to the South Asian and separated from other parts of Asia, South Asia in geographical formation of a relatively independent unit, also known as the South Asian sub-continent. There are three major rivers in South Asia: India, Ganges and the Brahmaputra. South Asia is located in the tropical and subtropical, is a tropical monsoon climate. North-South Asia, is located in the south-west monsoon precipitation of upwind, plentiful, cherrapunji 11000 mm of precipitation, the world's largest local precipitation. India: mostly in the north-eastern India peninsula, and the Northwest and is adjacent to the Indian Ocean on three sides, is the largest South Asian countries, with a population of 10 million, ranked second in the world. India is the world's history and culture of the ancient world. The capital New Delhi, Calcutta is the largest city and the hemp industry Center, Yu buy is India's largest seaport and cotton textile industrial centre. India food crop mainly rice and wheat. Pakistan: for irrigated agriculture developed country, is the capital of Islamabad, Karachi is the largest city, Harbour and industrial centre; it is also important that international air terminal, located on the southern coast. 5. Central Asia Central Asia is located in the central part of Eurasia, including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan. Central Asian terrain to plateau, plain-D of the Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake, is located in the western part of Central Asia. Many kinds of mineral resources in Central Asia, reserves, coal, iron and nonferrous metals, petroleum, natural gas, etc. Back in ancient times, the Central Asia is the Asian things land transport which must be taken to the famous ancient "Silk Road" is from the South through Central Asia. Now, the railway traffic East China Pacific coast to the West European Atlantic coast, Central Asia and the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is located on the contact, the trans-Asian railway bridge consisting of "Eurasia" Center link. Kazakhstan: is the largest area of Central Asia, which is also the world's largest landlocked country, the capital is in Almaty. The Uzbek capital Tashkent, is. Rich in cotton "Platinum country with a. Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek is the capital city. Turkmenistan: capital is Ashgabat. Tajikistan: Dushanbe, the capital is. Western 6. West Asia: including Iran plateau. Arabian Peninsula, US-cable not ten Asian Plains and Peninsula, a total of 20 countries and regions. They are: Afghanistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Cyprus, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. West Asia is located in Asia, Africa, Europe, the junction of three continents, is located on the Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, the Black Sea. Caspian Sea, so called "three continents and five sea." West Asia is an important channel of the Suez Canal and the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea communication works, connecting the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Turkey channel (including Bosphorus, Marmara and the Dardanelles) is a portal to the Eastern Mediterranean in the Black Sea. Manuel de Strait is the Indian Ocean into one of the Red Sea. Hormuz is the transport of oil. West Asia is the birthplace of Islam, the residents are mostly beliefs of Islam. The Arabs in the world, mainly in West Asia and North Africa. West Asia is the world's oil reservoir to Persian Gulf-centric huge oil belt is currently the world's most important oil producing region, the Persian Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates is a major oil-producing countries, West production of oil 90 percent for output, the oil output accounted for total world oil output by 60%, mainly on exports to Western Europe, Japan and the United States. Irrigated agriculture and animal husbandry: agriculture more distribution in the Valley plain and in the desert oasis of groundwater can irrigation. Palm is the representative of the OASIS agriculture, plants are exported to countries such as Iraq. Animal husbandry in the more developed in Western Asia, Turkey Ankara purple wool, Afghanistan and other animal products lamb skin are very famous. Wool woven rug, Iran and other countries export commodities (3) - Chau 1. Africa overview Africa is located in Southwest Asia, southern Europe; Indian Ocean and the East, West and North, red faces the Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Mediterranean. Africa is the second largest continent in the world. Br > straight to the West African coast, the Gulf of Guinea is Africa's largest Bay, Southeast of Madagascar is Africa's largest island, Southeast of Somali Peninsula "Horn of Africa". African terrain to plateau, "plateau of continental", Eastern and southern distribution with the Ethiopian plateau, South Africa and the East African highland plateau. Mountains have the Atlas mountains and the Drakensberg Mountains in the North-West and South-East, the highest peak is Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa. South East African Highlands and Ethiopian plateau of the East African Rift zone extends through the Red Sea to Asia's Jordan trench, about 6000 kilometers, the series with many lakes and volcanoes, earthquakes, the East African rift with the largest land surface "scars". North Africa distribution with an area of 770 million sq km of the Sahara desert. African tropical continent "is". Africa has the Nile, the Congo River, the Niger River and the Zambezi River, the Nile is the four major 6600 more km is the longest river in the process. Lake Victoria is the largest freshwater lake in Africa. Africa is the "rich continent" of the title, the African species of minerals, reserves, Southern Africa is rich in gold and diamond, Saharan region and the Gulf of Guinea is rich in oil along rock, Zaire and Zambia adjacent at the world-famous "copper", Atlas is the world's largest phosphate deposits area, Africa or tropical crops, coffee, palm oil, oil palm and banana's hometown. The home of African or black people, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, the desert to the North is the Arab enclaves in southern Africa are the descendants of European immigrants. Africa now 56 States and territories, in accordance with the geographical locality, Africa is divided into North Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa and South Africa in five parts. North Africa 2. including Egypt, Sudan, Libya. Algeria and other countries. Minerals, phosphorus. MN, petroleum and natural gas. Egypt: located in the North-East of Africa, Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea Pro, sui soil Canal connecting the two seas, and to the Suez Canal as the dividing line between the two continents of Africa. Egypt's climate is tropical and desert climate, the Nile and its Delta, Strait of irrigation as a "green corridor", Nile Delta is the world's leading long-staple cotton. Capital city of Cairo is Africa's largest city, Alexandria is the main port in Egypt. 3. West Africa refers to the coast and the Gulf of Guinea to the North of the region. There has been an independent State in Mauritania, Nigeria, Guinea, Liberia and Ghana, Mali, Niger, etc. Minerals: Gold (Ghana), lead soil deposits (Guinea), diamond, iron, copper, Tin, uranium, petroleum and so identified. Nigeria is rich in oil palm, palm oil production and exports are in the world. Capital city of Lagos. 4. in non- a African in Zaire, the Congo, Angola, Central African countries. Tropical advanced mammals, such as gorillas, hippos, African elephant, Zebra, Giraffe and other exotic animals in Africa. Zaire is central Africa's largest country. Diamond production occupies first place in the world. The capital Kinshasa. 5. East African mainly refers to the Ethiopian plateau and the East African Highlands, major countries: Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and so on. Somali Peninsula is known as the "horn" Economics to animal husbandry, the capital Mogadishu. Ethiopia is rich in coffee. Tanzania is the world's famous produced sisal and lilac, capital Dar es Salaam. South Africa 6. including Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, 10, Madagascar, and other countries and regions. Bypass the Cape's course is the world's busiest shipping lanes. Western call this route to "maritime lifeline". South Africa is located in the southern part of South Africa, mostly plateau of blacks, whites with Netherlands people, descendants of the United Kingdom; the capital Pretoria; South Africa Sung non-gold and diamonds, which is also the world one of the major uranium, near the Cape of good hope Cape Town is the largest port in South Africa. (4) Europe 1. Europe survey located in Asia, bounded by the Arctic Ocean to the West, the West Atlantic, the South Eastern Mediterranean, the Atlantic in the West to the Eurasian continent out of a large peninsula. The European coast of the twists and turns than the main harbour, South of the Caspian Sea, the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Baltic Sea in the North; the main southwest side of the channel with the Strait of Gibraltar and the Western English channel. The European main peninsula in the northern part of Scandinavia and southern Balkans, Apennine peninsula and IBRI Asia peninsula; main islands in the Atlantic Ocean is the island of Great Britain, Ireland and Iceland, South of Sicily and Sardinia-. Eastern Mediterranean is the world's largest sea, Strait of Gibraltar is Europe Africa boundary between European terrain to plain, representing Chau area of 2/3, Oberalp mountain is the European young fold mountains to the South. Europe has to Scandinavia as the Centre of continental glacier and the Alps as a center of mountain glaciers, glacial terrain is pious. Europe's climate is mild moist, Western Europe is a typical temperate marine climate, to the EastTransition to temperate continental climate South European typical Mediterranean climate, the Arctic Ocean coast to Tundra climate. European river water dense, rich, Volga is Europe's longest river, the Danube is Europe's second river, flowing through countries in Europe is the most international river, with important shipping value. The vast majority of residents in Europe are white people, the language of the Indo-European, Latin, Germanic, Slavic three subgroups. The European economic community is Europe's leading capitalist countries consisting of a political and economic Union. At present there are 12 countries participate. Europe is the world's population, urban population than the major, a low rate of population growth. Europe now has a total of 44 countries and regions, divided into five by geographical location: Eastern Europe, Western Europe, southern Europe, Scandinavia and Central Europe. 2. Southern Europe southern Europe refers to the Balkans, the Apennines and the Iberian Peninsula and in the vicinity of the three islands. With Spain, Portugal, Monaco, Andorra, Italy, San Marino, Vatican City, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, 17 countries. Located in the Iberian Peninsula of Spain, the Apennine peninsula of Italy, the Balkans countries such as Romania is the larger countries. Monaco, Andorra, Vatican, San Marino, Malta, is the world's area, population, at least in several countries. Romania: Bucharest, the capital. Italy: Rome, the capital of the peninsula four side, as the country's largest city and the political and cultural center; there are many ancient Roman monuments, the famous tourist resort. Venice is located in the North-East Coast, is the famous floating cities. 3. Western Europe Theo: on the verge of the Atlantic and North Sea, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France six countries. The North Sea is the world famous fishing grounds. Western Europe is the oldest of capitalist development, during the second world war, Europe was weakening. After the war, Western Europe, some countries in economic and trade aspects of the common policy adopted some form of the "European Economic Community". United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in four parts. United Kingdom is Western Europe's largest oil-producing countries. Cross-strait across the River Thames in London, is the United Kingdom's capital and the largest port, also is the emerging industry, finance and trade. Transport and cultural center. Famous industrial centre: Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow. France: the whole territory of roughly hexagonal. France has developed capitalist agriculture and industry, Paris Basin is the most important industrial regions of France, Lille iron district and the Lorraine mine is the traditional iron and steel industry. Iron and steel industry Centre Dunkirk and Foz. France's iron, aluminum, uranium reserves in the forefront of Europe. France is a European export food than any other country, Paris, Marseille is the Eastern Mediterranean coast's largest port and aluminium industrial centre. 4. Nordic Nordic: located in the high latitudes, including Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland and the Faroe Islands in five countries (Dan). Arctic Norway, Sweden was adopted and the North of Finland, Finland territory of lakes due to, so called "land of a thousand lakes". Nordic five branch has developed capitalist economy, to the largest population of Sweden, Stockholm, the capital of the large green area, quiet environment. Economy to metallurgy, wood processing and shipbuilding. Norway fishing, shipping, oil and solid reputation for emerging industries. Finland is a major pulp and paper exporter. Denmark's economic pillars is milk and meat livestock and poultry husbandry. Iceland is dominated by fishing. 5. in Europe Central is located in the Alps and the North Sea, Baltic Sea, between Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria and are financed by Don 9 countries etc. Germany: after World War II, Germany was divided into German and democracy in Germany in two parts. 1990: October 3, two German reunification, called the Federal Republic of Germany, hereinafter referred to as Germany. The first Dublin is the largest city in Germany is the developed capitalist countries, industry in the national economy in occupies an absolute advantage, gross national product in the forefront of the world. Major industrial zone to the Ruhr and Saar region, industrial center Munich, Cologne, Hamburg, Leipzig and Berlin. Switzerland: Switzerland developed to a high level of technology watch, precision instruments, precision machine tool etc. Geneva is a famous tourist city, the capital city of Bern. 6. Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is the European part of the former Soviet Union. They are: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. Russia: area 1700 million square kilometers, is the world's largest country. Population 1.5 billion, Russia accounted for 81 percent of people, there are over 100 nationalities in general language is Russian. The climate in most parts of Russia is temperate continental climate. As is located in the high latitudes in winter long and cold, summer is short and warm, located south of Lake Baikal in Siberia is the world's deepest lake. Main mineralResources for coal. Iron, oil, natural gas, non-ferrous metals, etc., the reserves of the tops in the world. Is the European part of Russia's political and economic core regions, most of the industry, population and urban concentrated there. Two main industrial areas: one is to Moscow as centers of industrial zone, and second, to St. Petersburg as the center of the industrial zone. Moscow is the capital of Russia's largest cities and industrial centers is traffic centre, the main port of St. Petersburg, Vladivostok Finland Bay Marina is the main port on the Pacific coast, Murmansk is not frozen in the Arctic Ocean coast all year round. Belarus: Minsk, the capital. Ukraine: capital base shop. Chisinau, the capital of Moldova: will Ukraine. Lithuania: Vilnius, the capital. Latvia: Riga, the capital. Estonia: Tallinn. （五）北美 洲1．概述北美洲位于西半球的北部。 West Pacific Ocean, East of the Atlantic Ocean, North of the Arctic, the West across the Bering Strait from Asia across the northeast across Denmark Strait, the Greenland Sea and across Europe, South to Panama Canal and South America, including the North American continent, and American isthmus, West Indies, the third largest continent in the world. The North American coast, many islands and the peninsula and the Gulf. Greenland is the world's largest island, South-East of the West Indies to wrap around the Caribbean is the formation of the Panama Canal leading to the Atlantic Ocean. North America's terrain is clearly divided into three North-South West end zone: is the big Central Cordillera, is a vast plain, Eastern Highlands to low. The climate of North America to temperate continental climate, things on both sides of the climate there is an obvious difference: the Pacific coast to temperate oceanic climate; southern Mediterranean climate; the Gulf Coast is humid subtropical climate; Sino-American isthmus and the Indian Ocean islands for tropical rainforest and Savannah climate; the Arctic Ocean coast to polar climate. Cold and Atlantic hurricane is North America's disastrous weather. North America has a vast temperate grassland and temperate forests. Central plain with Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, the Lakes, is the world's largest freshwater lake. Originated in United States, North of the Mississippi River is the longest river in North America. North America has 300 million population, ethnic composition of complex, there are white, yellow, black, three people, there are also people of mixed blood. Accounted for 80 percent of whites, Indians were the original inhabitants of North America, after the arrival of European settlers, Indians are massacred, now only have thousands of people. Cold regions lived in the northern part of the Inuit, southern Central America to blacks and persons of mixed blood. North America has 37 countries and areas, Canada, United States, Mexico is one of the larger countries. The North American free trade area and the EU, in order to form a common currency in the contend, on 1 January 1998, the United States and Canada signed the "North American free trade agreement", June 1991, the United States, Canada and Mexico three countries on the establishment of the United States, Canada and Mexico to begin negotiations on a free trade area, in 1991, built in the North American free trade area, well determined 15 years phased abolition of trade barriers, creating the world's largest regional economic groupings. However, North American trade area and not completely confined to North America, December 1994, held at the Miami Summit of the Americas, decided in 2005 to establish a North America, Central and South America's "American free-trade area". Canada 2. is located in the northern part of North America, three faces the sea, North of the Arctic Circle, was adopted. Area ranked second in the world. Canada pulp yield and newsprint production is highest in the world. Newfoundland fisheries is one of the world's largest fishing grounds. Lauren Highlands, called the "treasure trove" mines. In the Arctic Ocean coast distribution with a small number of Inuit (Eskimo), fisheries and hunting, is the world's living in the most northern residents. The capital is located in the southeastern part of China held too is the national political center. Toronto is the first major currency and financial centres. Montreal is the largest port, Vancouver is the Pacific coast of the harbour. United States 3. (1) location and residents the main part of the United States territory in Central North America, Northern Canada, and to the South of the Gulf of Mexico and the border with Mexico. To the West to the East is the Atlantic Ocean, is the Pacific Ocean. North America and Pacific Northwest Alaska, Hawaii and is also on the territory of the United States. Country and product 936 million square kilometers with a population of about 2.7 billion. United States residents, most of the European white descendants of immigrants. Coloured people have black, Indian, etc. Chinese and overseas Chinese. (2) the mineral resources of the United States is rich of mineral resources, mainly coal, iron. Oil, copper and lead. Zinc, etc. > (3) the modernisation and specialisation of Agriculture of the United States is the world's major agricultural country. Its production of wheat, soybean, corn, cotton, tobacco, milk and meat have ranked in the world, not only to meet their own needs, there are a large number of grain exports, to become the world's output of agricultural products than any other country. United States engaged in agriculture, less than 3 per cent of the population. Agricultural production process of cultivation, irrigation, fertilization, weeding, harvesting, threshing, all storage, transportation, high efficiency, the mechanization of production. United States agriculture another characteristic is the area of specialization of production. According to the region's natural conditions and market needs, the United States agricultural production can be divided into the cotton belt, corn belt, wheat, milk livestock belt, livestock and irrigation of agricultural area and other major agricultural belt or agricultural regions. (4) industrial distribution and major cities in the United States industrial modernization degree is high, the industrial GDP ranking first in the world, steel, automotive, aerospace, aircraft, Shi Shan, electronic, chemical and other industries are at the forefront in the world. In foreign trade, the United States is output the largest number of industrial and agricultural products. The largest country in the output value is imported cars, iron and steel, petroleum, textiles than any other country. The United States industrial distribution can be divided into three areas. ① in the East of the Appalachian mountains are rich in coal, the Great Lakes West, there is a wide range of iron, the Atlantic coast there are many excellent harbour, the Great Lakes and Mississippi River transportation is convenient, is the nation's steel, automotive, chemical and other industries of focus area. New York is one of the most important cities in the area; also the Atlantic coast is the largest commercial and industrial centre and the port. The United Nations Headquarters in New York. Washington, industrial and transport centre of Chicago is in the district. Since the 1960s, the United States in the development area, application of new resources, new technology L, accelerates the southern and Western industries, and formed a new densely populated urban and industrial areas. This is the people often say "the Sun to rise. ② is the United States here in the southern region of the emerging oil, aircraft, aerospace, electronics and other industries in the distribution area. Where the Gulf of Mexico is in the Northwest United States major oil producing areas, Houston is Southern Petroleum chemical industry, aerospace research and Development Center. ③ the inhabitants of the Western United States and the industry is concentrated mainly in the Pacific coast. Of these, California is the most developed Western economies, aerospace, electronics, aircraft manufacturing and other industrial development faster; San Francisco (San Francisco) is the largest port in the West, near the "Silicon Valley" is a new electronic industrial centre; Los Angeles is the most populous city and the Harbour, the main production aircraft, precision machinery, etc.; Hollywood is a United States film and TV industry Center. Mexico 4. is located in the southern United States, and the Tropic of cancer through the middle. 50 is the main food crops in Mexico, Mexico is the hometown of maize. The capital Mexico City with a population of l000 million, is the world's most populous city in the world. 5. Central American include Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Belize in seven countries. Central America crust instable, volcanoes, earthquakes. Panama Canal, the Pacific and Atlantic communication, is the world's important sea port, Central America is rich in bananas, coffee, banana production in the world's focus areas. 6. Indies is located in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, between Cuba, Haiti and more than 20 countries and regions, the famous Cuban sugar cane production. (6) South America 1. Overview South America is located in the Western Hemisphere South West Pacific Ocean, East of the North Atlantic, Caribbean, Northwest corner and Sino-American isthmus, South across the Drake Strait with the Antarctic. South Coast relatively flat, and only a short twists and turns in the Southwest, Magellan will of people to the island with the South American continent. South America including Colombia, authority in the Shui flower Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and other 12 countries and regions. South American mountain and plain, Plateau West of longitudinal distribution, is the towering Andes mountains to the East has a vast alluvial plain and old wave-shaped plateau, with the distribution between Brazil plateau is the world's largest plateau. Amazon is the world's largest river basin area, the largest river flow. The Amazon plain is the world's largest tropical rainforest climate zone. South America is rich in mineral resources. Venezuela Northwest of Maracaibo basin rich oil reserves. Brazil plateau of iron, manganese, Andean rich copper reserves. Guyana plateau of bauxite output occupies in the world. South America's rich water resources, reserves and 20 per cent of the world total. South America is a natural rubber, cocoa, the hometown of Cinchona. South American indigenous population is Indian. Population is mestizo people, Indian, black and white. South America many countries active in the development of national economy, some of the major countries has reached medium-developed standards, but uneven development between countries. 2. South America countries Brazil: the area is the fifth in the world, is South America's most populous country, Brazil is the Amazon plain in the West, the world's largest tropical rain forest area, very rich in plant resources. Brazil is rich in water resources, and Uruguay in-built Itaipu hydroelectric plant is currently the world's largest hydroelectric power station. Brazil is the South American economy the most developed countries. Iron and steel industry, automobile manufacturing. Textile tops in South America, southeast coast is industrial concentration area. Brazil is the world's coffee production; Sao Paulo is the largest city in South America and the largest industrial center, Rio de Janeiro for the country's second largest city and the largest commercial port. The capital is Brazil Isaac. Chile: is the world's thinnest States. Nitrate of production and exports have accounted for first place in the world. The capital Santiago. Argentina: is the world famous national agriculture and animal husbandry. The capital Buenos Aires. (7) Oceania 1. Overview Oceania Antarctica between Asia and the South West between the Indian Ocean, East of Pro with overlooks the South, North and South America. Oceania including Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand-South Island, New Guinea island II and scattered in the Pacific island of Polynesia. Micronesia, Melanesia three islands, with a total of more than 10 000 islands. Many islands in international traffic is important position. Oceania Islands by cause in mainland island, volcanic islands and islets. The dense forests of the Pacific Islands, coconut, sugar cane crops. Pineapples tropical crops. Minerals have p, nickel, chromium, gold, etc. Oceania land area of 10 thousand 897 million square, is the world's smallest continent, with a population of 27 million in total, with the exception of Antarctica is the world's population is at least of a continent. All Chau 13 independent countries and ten in the United States, Britain and other countries of the 2. Australia is located in the large Rainbow Warrior visited and the Indian Ocean between the Tropic of Capricorn-island in the middle. Australia is the developed capitalist countries, mainly agricultural miniere and to export agricultural products. Wool production and exports have accounted for first place in the world. Canberra. Sydney is the largest port city. (8) Antarctica almost all in Antarctica the Antarctic Circle, is the Antarctic continent and surrounding islands collectively, surrounded by the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean around it. Is the world's highest in various States of a continent, an average elevation of knife is still 10, most local coverage very thick ice, so called "snow continent". Characteristics of Antarctic climate: cold, Gale, Blizzard. There are very. Polar night, Aurora. Animals such as sea lions. Dolphins, seals, whales, penguins, etc. Antarctica has no permanent resident, only some from other continents of scientific investigation and arrest sweep team. China in 1985 and 1989, successively set up in Antarctica and Zhongshan station two scientific research stations, 1959 in December, Australia, Argentina, and other 12 countries signed the Antarctic Treaty, its main elements are: Antarctica is used only for peaceful purposes, ensure freedom for scientific investigation in Antarctica, to promote international cooperation in scientific investigation, the prohibition to all military activities and any nuclear explosive devices or the disposal of radioactive waste, the freeze on the Antarctic territorial requirements. China officially added in 1983. (9) the world of transport and international trade 1 £ ® the world's major marine line and the harbour from Western Europe to the Hong Kong-North Atlantic ports on the East coast of North America, where large vessels can. Diameter of the Strait of Gibraltar from Western Europe, Eastern Mediterranean and the Suez Canal, to the West, South, East ports of routes, traffic is very large. However, as a result of the Suez Canal Waterway restrictions, large vessel must bypass the Cape of good hope at the southern tip of Africa. From the American East coast ports to North America West coast ports route because of the Panama Canal Waterway restrictions, large vessel must bypass the southern tip of South America by Magellan. From Western Europe and North America East coast ports to South America East coast ports of course, also very important. Many of the world, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Asia, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Mumbai, Colombo, Yokohama, Africa, Cape Town, London, Liverpool, Marseille, Rotterdam, Hamburg, Sydney, Oceania, the Americas, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, San Francisco (San Francisco), New York, etc, are all important port. 2. Eurasian land-bridge Eurasian land-bridge consists of two lines: one is the Siberian railway, East, West to Moscow to Vladivostok, Asia and Europe's important railway line; the other Eastern-Lianyungang, China's Xinjiang region West out of the Northwest border, and then through Alashankou Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, to arrive at the port of Rotterdam in the northern Netherlands, full-length 10900 km, is connected to the Pacific and Atlantic oceans important terrestrial channel. 3. the World Trade Organization (WTO) WTO's predecessor is the General Agreement on tariffs and trade. January 1995 instead of 1 old trade organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland has 144 member countries. R > purpose of the World Trade Organization; the promotion of economic and trade development, raising living standards, ensure full employment, the guarantee of real income and effective demand growth; depending on the goal of sustainable development, rational use of the world's resources, expanding the production of goods and services; achieve mutually beneficial agreements, drastically reducing and eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers and the Elimination of discrimination in international trade. 10 November 2001, China became the world no. 143 members.